and the According to the toltec and aztec legends they both came by sea. Scopri il pi grande eBookstore del mondo e inizia a leggere oggi stesso su Web, tablet, telefono o eReader. When most people think about ancient Mexico, the first civilizations that come to mind are the Incas, Aztecs and the Maya. A number of black leftists survived the most repressive years of the early Cold War to participate in the post-war African American civil rights movement. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA (MUU-LAN), MEXICO (XI), Stone carving of a Shaman or priest from Columbia's San Agustine Culture, An ancient West African Oni or King holding similar artifacts as the San Agustine culture stone carving of a Shaman, Meso-American pyramid with stepped appearance, built about 2500 years ago, Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara, Egypt, built over four thousand years ago, compare to Meso-American pyramid. Linda M. Heywood is Professor of African American Studies and History at Boston University. According to Michael Coe, the worlds foremost authority on Olmec culture, There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in Mesoamerica, whether Mexican or Mayan, rest ultimately on an Olmec base.32 Van Sertima adds: The Olmec civilization was formative and seminal: it was to touch all others on this continent, directly or indirectly.33, Olmec monument from Tres Zapotes, Mexico (c. 1100 B.C. A collection of essays by African American public intellectuals which have appeared in The Atlantic Monthly over the years. The Ancient Ancestors of Egypt and West Africa traveled to In 1922, about 350 miles northeast of Harappa, another large Indus city, Mohenjo-daro (the. A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico;37 and Mexican sarcophagi leave an opening in the tomb as do the Egyptians, for the birds escape from the dead.38, Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. His topic will be "The African Presence in Ancient America" at BCC's Davie campus at 11 a.m., and he will be the featured speaker at the "Africa and the Diaspora" program scheduled for 1 to 5 p.m . Although eyewitness accounts of early European explorers may be the best evidence of an African presence in the New World that preceded Columbus, it is certainly not the only evidence. To solve the most common PDF-display issues, follow the steps in Troubleshoot viewing PDF files on the web. The currents off Africa serve as veritable conveyor belts to the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico and the northeastern corner of South America. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult., Author C.C. 14 day loan required to access EPUB and PDF files. He was considered one of the African Christian martyrs. Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, op. Understand evolution from watch groups to formalized police agencies. The information presented on this page and in the brochure is explored at greater length in Fishers' Discovering Early California Afro-Latino Presence (Heyday Books, 2010). - Volume 28 Issue 3 The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity. Marquez, adds that [s]everal isolated but concordant facts permit the conjecture that before the formation and development of the three great ethnographic groupsa great part of Amcerica was occupied by [the] Negroid type.12. One of these articles, African Popes, discussed the lives of the three African pontiffs: St. Victor I (189-199), St. Miltiades (311-314) and St The existence of foregone lost civilizations is an established fact. However, at La Venta in Mexico, the Olmecs made a fully finished pyramid, with no signs of progressive learning. Nessuna recensione trovata nei soliti posti. Yurugu: An African-Centered Critique of European Cultural Thought and Behavior Trenton: Africa World Press, 1994. xMkA@tl.F3!iI!B>C[Ev 6_rs]]nu|da{](>Jp||Zp&~7w[8w @PK}#@,xG When viewed in their totality these cultural similarities strongly suggest that there was contact between the ancient Africans from the Nile Valley and the Olmec people. In 1994 they published his address in Race, Discourse and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View of 1492. Muffett, p 155-163. %PDF-1.5 In recent times, it has been common to associate Latinos with the . Revealing the African Presence in Renaissance Europe is the first exhibition to bring together a wide variety of works of art in diverse mediums that bear witness to the multiple aspects of the African presence in Europe in the Age of Exploration. web pages Olmecs are perhaps best known for the carved colossal heads found in Central Mexico, that exhibit an unmistakably African Negroid appearance. When the feasibility of African crossings of the Atlantic was not proven and the archaeological evidence undated and unknown, we could in all innocence ignore the most startling of coincidences. This paper analyzes one such claim made about Mesoamerica and its supposed West African, Nubian, and Egyptian roots made by Ivan Van Sertima, a former professor of an Ivy League university. 183. There is not the slightest doubt that all later civilizations in [Mexico and Central America], rest ultimately on an Olmec base, once remarked Michael Coe, a leading historian on Mexico. AFRICAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSLIM PRESENC1, the early stages of development in both England and Colonial America, citizens were responsible for law Examine the English roots of American policing. While we could continue to cite infinite similarities between ancient African and New World cultures in various fields including linguistics and botany, let us turn instead to consider the likely origin of the Africans who appear to have reached and profoundly influenced American culture thousands of years before Columbus. Marquez, adds that [s]everal isolated but concordant facts permit the conjecture that before the formation and development of the three great ethnographic groupsa great part of Amcerica was occupied by [the] Negroid type., The oldest inhabitants of Mexico, according to some, were Negroes, and according to others, the Otomies. Pope Victor I (AD 189-199) popularized Latin as the common language of the church, thereby making Christianity more democratic and accessible to ordinary people. 4 0 obj Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The unknown element is to the extent of population coverage, acculturation, architecture, and intercontinental travel. This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and amazingly negroid in character.16, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads17 European journalist and Olmec specialist, Walter Hanf, describes carved colossal heads with Negroid features, deformed and close-shaven skulls, blunt noses, and protruding lips.18 Author and anthropologist Sharon McKern states that the colossal heads are inescapably Negroid.19. File, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. On Monday [October 13 2014], Americas government offices, businesses, and banks all grind to a halt in order to commemorate Columbus Day. I ask you: Are you ready for the showdown? How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. Throughout all of these travels, African explorers have not had a history of starting devastating wars on the people they met. Part I of the book explores these roots in the Middle East, West Africa, and antebellum America. Be the first one to, New Brunswick, U.S.A. : Transaction Publishers, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, America -- Discovery and exploration -- African, urn:lcp:africanpresencei0000unse:lcpdf:e9d7ac7a-7f27-448d-a914-e93f9767cdf9, urn:lcp:africanpresencei0000unse:epub:33e1058d-23e5-49ab-9e20-50b036e1ca76, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). For example, there are hand-shaped incense spoons found in Olmec sites that are almost identical to their Eyptian counterparts and have similar names. JFIF ` ` C Collossol Afro-Olmec head of basalt wearing Nubian type war helmet, circa 1100 B.C. The African Presence in Early A sia. Addeddate 2021-01-11 01:39:57 The unmistakable face and handprint of black Africans in pre-Columbian America, and their overwhelming impact on the civilizations they encountered is undeniable. In America we have no antecedents for the construction of pyramids, for example, whereas there is a clear series of evolving steps and stages [in pyramid building] in the Egypto-Nubian world.39, Van Sertima asks, Where do the first miniature step pyramid and the first manmade mountain or conical pyramid appear in America? The strongest evidence of African presence in America before Columbus comes from the pen of Columbus himself. The Hispanic/Latino presence took on a whole new dimension in the 1840s with the annexation of half of Mexicos territory to 4. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. Some African-Americans who played a significant role in the American Revolution were: Crispus Attucks - an African-American member of the Sons of Liberty who was the first person killed in the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770. Atlantic Creole culture: patterns of transformation and adaptations, 1607-60 5. Are you ready to come out from where you hide? One of the worlds most renowned craniologists, Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski, revealed to the 41st Congress of Americanists in Mexico in September 1974, that African skulls had been discovered at Olmec sites in Tlatilco, Cerro de las Mesas and Monte Alban. Some of the Olmec sculptures depicting human beings are so decidedly Negroid that many scholars long thought that the indigenous Olmec culture itself was of Black origin. He edited the Journal of African Civilizations, which has greatly changed the way in which African history and culture are taught and studied. The book is divided into six parts: The First Europeans: African Presence in the Ancient Mediterranean Isles and Mainland Greece; Africans in the European Religious Hierarchy (madonnas, saints and popes); African Presence in Western Europe; African Presence in Northern Europe; African Presence in Eastern Europe. African American history began with slavery, as white European settlers first brought Africans to the continent to serve as enslaved workers. The Portuguese, Kongo and Ndongo and the origins of Atlantic Creole culture to 1607 3. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. This videos purpose is to stress to Africans in America and the world that our history did not start with slavery in the New World. Africa and Latin America have the potential to deal with the problems thrown . He attended Princeton University and lectured at more than 100 colleges and universities. Directed by REMONE L. FOSTER, LL.B IMPORTANT NOTICE The first topic on the CAPE History Unit 1 syllabus requires students to consider one Advanced indigenous group (Maya, Inca or Aztec) and one simple indigenous group (Tupi, Kalinago and Taino). The zigzag policies of the Popes from Martin V to Paul III is well documented, with successive bulls prohibiting the African slave trade (1425) and black slavery (1462), then allowing the trade with captive people (1455, 1456, 1493), and finally condemning the enslavement of native American people (1537), while the citizens of Rome were . If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the In his Journal of the Second Voyage, Columbus wrote that when he reached Haiti, then labeled Espanola, the native people told him that black skinned people had come from the south and southeast in ships trading in gold tipped metal spears. African Presence in Early Europe (1985) places into perspective the role of the African in world civilization, in particular the little-known contributions to the advancement of Europe with a . Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern (Journal of African Civilizations ; Vol. Further concrete evidence, noted by Dr. Imhotep and largely ignored by Euro-centric archaeologists, includes Egyptian artifacts found across North America from the Algonquin writings on the East Coast to the artifacts and Egyptian place names in the Grand Canyon.. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America It makes a convincing case for pre-Columbian contacts between Africa and America before the era of the slave trade. It is in contradiction to the most elementary logic and to all artistic experience to suggest that these ancient Olmec artists could have depicted, with such detail, African facial features they had never seen.21. To begin with, and as a significant example, a Feb. 15, 1986, report carried by the, chronicled that: "The oldest Stone Age hut in Japan has been unearthed near Osaka. For best results, configure your browser to use the Adobe PDF plug-in to open online PDF files. In the following account the authors Anthony D. Hill, associate professor of drama at The Ohio State University, and Douglas Q. Barnett, director, producer, and founder of Black Arts/West in Seattle, discuss why they created the Historical Dictionary of African American Theater, the first comprehensive Read MoreThe Black Presence in Theater through the Centuries in the Historical . On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. In a book on the life of Columbus, his son, Ferdinand, reported that his father saw Black people himself when he reached the region just north of the country today called Honduras. Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads. Ivan Van Sertima. Ancient trans-Atlantic similarities in botany, religion and pyramid building constitute but a fraction of the signs of African influence in ancient America. 2 0 obj Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Of course, some Western historians continue to refute this fact because, consciously or unconsciously, they are still hanging on to the 19th-century notion that seafaring was a European monopoly. The work focuses largely on contact between Africa and America towards the close of the Bronze Age (circa 948-680 B.C.) Van Sertima makes it plain that Early America Revisited is more than a stack of evidence about the physical presence of Africans in pre-Columbian America, it is the study of how two peoples and cultures can lead to cross fertilization. Global Research What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? Joan, Eahr Amelia. The Mayans, Aztecs and Incas all worshipped black gods and the surviving portraits of the black deities are revealing. Loewen, James A. Part I. African presence in early America. The most striking similarities between the two cultures are seen in the magnificent stone structures that have been found on both sides of the Atlantic. brilliantly [demonstrates] has that there is far more to black history than the slave trade."John A. Williams They Came Before Columbus reveals a compelling, dramatic, and superbly detailed documentation of the presence and legacy of Africans in ancient America. Other indicators include, astronomy, art, writing systems, flora and fauna. African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. endobj African Presence in Early America, Volume 8, Issue 2 Ivan Van Sertima Transaction Publishers, Jan 1, 1987 - America - 338 pages 3 Reviews Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and. However, during the early 1940s archeologists uncovered a civilization known as the Olmecs of 1200 BC, which pre-dated any other advanced civilization in the Americas. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America, Early America Revisited Paperback. In this summary, however, we are confining ourselves to a particular geographic region (the Gulf of Mexico), a particular culture complex or civilization (known as Olmecs), and a particular period of history (948-680 B.C. 7 0 obj African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima, ed. Armah . When the skulls were carefully examined, one of the world's leading skull A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL AFRICAN PRESENCE BOOK LIST Compiled and posted by RUNOKO RASHIDI ***DEDICATED TO DR. JOHN HENRIK CLARKE (1915-1998)*** Akbar, Na'im. 575, Acropolis and Sanctuary of Demeter Malophoros, Selinus, Sicily.pdf, CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGES PART 2.docx, Plasma Petroglyphs (Plasmaglyphs), Earthworks, and the Megafauna Extinction, Religion at Gbekli Tepe and later in the same region, Introductory Guide to Ancient Civilizations, Behind The Veil of Tears: II Ashes of the Phoenix, Chapter 2 Early writing systems and civilizations from the book Neo-Eneolithic Literacy in Southeastern Europe, CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGES PART 3.docx, ANCIENT INDIAN LITERATURE AND LANGUAGES APN CHAPTER 3 PART 3.docx, Divine origins of ancient Egyptian sacred symbolism and architecture in its global concept, ANCIENT RELIGION OF INDIAN CONTINENT CHAPTER 4 ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY APN.docx Part -2.docx, Ancient Alien Architect Hypothesis and EPEMC (Brief. zoz Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Gabriel Haslip-Viera, and Warren Barbour . Sun 17 September 2017 16:00 - 19:00. One might merely ask himself: if Africans were not present in the Americas before Columbus, why the typically African physiognomy on the monuments? A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico; Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. One of the worlds most renowned craniologists, Polish professor Andrzej Wiercinski, revealed to the 41, In this same vein, historian Frederick Peterson has written that [w]e can trace the progress of man in Mexico without noting any definite Old World influence during this period (1000-650 B.C.) 7-The Underrepresentation of African American Female <> For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.48. Ivan Van Sertima. It is in contradiction to the most elementary logic and to all artistic experience to suggest that these ancient Olmec artists could have depicted, with such detail, African facial features they had never seen., According to Von Wuthenau, [t]he startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the southeast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to the Panuco River in the Huasteca region (north of Veracruz) archeological pieces representing Negro or Negroid people have been found, especially in archaic or pre-classic sites. Presents skeletal evidence from studies by craniologist Andrzej Weircinski which reveal a clear presence of Africanoid skulls from Olmec B.C.E. Published online: 30 January 2020 Summary The presence of Africans in Asia and their migration around it is one of the least-studied subjects in all of Asian history. The volume is profusely illustrated. <> 6 0 obj As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans.6 Also during the sixteenth century after the advent of Columbus, but before the universal enslavement of Africans Cabello de Balboa cited a group of seventeen Black people who, after being shipwrecked in Ecuador, became governors of an entire province of native Americans.7. Ranging up to 11.15 feet in height and weighing 30 to 40 tons, these statues generally depict helmeted Black men with large eyes, broad fleshy noses and full lips. Edited by Ivan Van Sertima, pp. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient Mexico, pp.73-75. The first Mass celebrated in what is now the U.S. took place in 1569 in St. Augustine, Florida under Spanish auspices. They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America. cit., p.65. Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York (for the general audience) Report [PDF - 13 MB] Credits, Acknowledgments, and Table of Contents [PDF - 2 MB] Volume I The Secular Use of Lower Manhattan's African Burial Ground. The existence of Negroes and giants is commonly believed by nearly all the races of our soil Several archaeological objects found in various locations demonstrate their existence Memories of them in the most ancient traditions induce us to believe that the Negroes were the first inhabitants of Mexico, Another authority, J.A. What is the significance of this meeting of Africans and Native Americans? Why would native Americans venerate images so unmistakably African if they had never seen them before? In truth, Africans began coming to the Americas thousands of years before Columbus; and the evidence of their presence, though systematically ignored by mainstream scholars, is overwhelming and undeniable. In his view this fleet was probably led by Phoenician navigators who had been pressed into service by the Nubian pharaohs of Egypt during the twenty fifth dynasty.45. He wrote two articles about this particular head, one in the Boletin de Geografia y Estadistica, and the other in the respected Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadistica. Cites Thor Heydals Atlantic crossing to demonstrate the possibility of Egyptians crossing the Atlantic and argues that both East and West Africans had the capacity for trans Atlantic travel . This is no longer possible. ).30, The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity.31 For centuries the indigenous people there created and perpetuated a local culture that varied little from its surroundings. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. He furthermore cites a document of Francisco Nunez Vega (1691), who describes an ancient calendar found in Chiapas that mentions seven negritos representing the seven planets., In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. This paper can be related to the large and influential literature on the role of The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. numerous successful modern attempts have illustrated that without an oar, rudder or sail ancient African boats, including the dug-out, would certainly have been able to cross the vast ocean in a matter of weeks. and the Mandingo-Songhay trading voyages (from early fourteenth to late fifteenth century). In addition to Mexican scholars, a number of others have described the colossal stone heads in terms similar to those of Melgar. ), Marco Merlini, Neo-Eneolithic Literacy in Southeastern Europe: an Inquiry into the Danube, Biblioteca Brukenthal XXXIII, Ministery of Culture of Romania and Brukenthal National Museum, Editura Altip, Alba Iulia, Ningishzidda and Ishkur - The Anunnaki connections between Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Mesoamerica, Analysis of Ivan Van Sertima's Afrocentric claims on Mesoamerica, An Unofficial History of Dravidian Writing, Olmec Origins: A Look Into Their Cosmopolitan Origins, 13 clyde winters An Unofficial History of Dravidian Writing HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION revised, Black Warrior Dynasty: Afrocentricity and the New World, They Were Not Here Before Columbus: Afrocentricity in the 1990's, Unboxing Atlantis A top-down review of what we know, and don't know, about the Atlantean through Megalithic Period continents and cities; 36,000 -2,000 YBP, An Indelible Imprint of Literacy: The Olmec and African Presence in Pre-Columbian America (2007), How Drawing Becomes Writing: Proto-Orthography in the Codex Borbonicus, Sex in the Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, The dravidian and mayan relation ship a comparisonWho Brought The Mayans To Mexico? 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