rus invasion of norwayrus invasion of norway

It also ordered eligible . Norway's most expensive television series, which will describe a Russian invasion into the country, is to premiere in September. The local Orthodox Christianity of Kievan Rus', while struggling to establish itself in the predominantly pagan state and losing its main base in Constantinople, was on the brink of extinction. Swedish invasion of Russia. Since. '[153], In 988, the Christian Church in Rus' territorially fell under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople after it was officially adopted as the state religion. The test took place in Norway, not far from the Russian border. Hitler had on April 1 ordered the German invasion of Norway to begin on April 9; so, when on April 8 the Norwegian government was preoccupied with earnest protest about the British mine laying, the German expeditions were well on their way. Russian President Vladimir Putin visits the national guard headquarters in the Luhansk Region, Russian-controlled Ukraine, in this still image taken from handout video released on April 18, 2023. More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour duty to the princes. [citation needed], In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia, the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Maria Zakharova Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman "This was an example of more than just political arrogance, extreme ignorance and blasphemy." Source: Russian Foreign Ministry, March 9, 2023 False On March 9, Russia's Foreign Ministry condemned U.S. In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked Kiev. [62] Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. [23][24] Various etymologies have been proposed, including Ruotsi, the Finnish designation for Sweden or Ros, a tribe from the middle Dnieper valley region. "Joy as Coventry's Ukrainian Community Marks the Founding of the Church of St Volodymyr", A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the war in Chechnya, "Vladimir I (grand prince of Kiev) Encyclopdia Britannica", "Yaroslav I (prince of Kiev) Encyclopdia Britannica". Norway expels 15 Russian diplomats. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. As a general measure, he made the parish priests "teach the people". [44] By the early 9th century, bands of Scandinavian adventurers known as Varangians and later Rus' started plundering various (Slavic) villages in the region, later extracting tribute in exchange for protection against pillaging by other Varangians. He was defeated in 1107 by Vladimir Monomakh, Oleg, Sviatopolk and other Rus' princes. [121] The attack was well timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. Constantine Porphyrogenitus described the annual course of the princes of Kiev, collecting tribute from client tribes, assembling the product into a flotilla of hundreds of boats, conducting them down the Dnieper to the Black Sea, and sailing to the estuary of the Dniester, the Danube delta, and on to Constantinople. . The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Cyprian, a candidate pushed by the Lithuanian rulers, became Metropolitan of Kiev in 1375 and metropolitan of Moscow in 1382; this way the church in the territory of former Kievan Rus' was reunited for some time. [citation needed], According to the Primary Chronicle, the territories of the East Slavs in the 9th century were divided between the Varangians and the Khazars. [citation needed], Following the Mongol invasion of Cumania (or the Kipchaks), in which case many Cuman rulers fled to Rus', such as Kten, the state finally disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of Rus', fragmenting it into successor principalities who paid tribute to the Golden Horde (the so-called Tatar Yoke). Measured by this standard, Yaroslav's prestige must have been great indeed . [121], Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. 1659. [21] It finally fell to the Mongol invasion in the mid-13th century, though the Rurik dynasty would continue to rule until the death of Feodor I of Russia in 1598. The Petsamo-Kirkenes offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in the Petsamo region, ceded to the Soviet Union by Finland in accordance with the Moscow Armistice, and Norway. By the time of Yaroslav's reign (101954), education had struck roots and its benefits were apparent. Upon the transferring of the metropolitan seat in 1299, the Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir was chosen as the new cathedral. [143] He accepted a crown as a "Rex Rusiae"[citation needed] ("King of Rus") from the Roman papacy,[143] apparently doing so without breaking with Constantinople. King Alfred and the Danes. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. By 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars. [131] According to the Primary Chronicle, Volodymyr was baptised in c. 987, and ordered the population of Kyiv to be baptised in August 988. [65][non-primary source needed] In 862, the Finnic and Slavic tribes in the area of Novgorod rebelled against the Varangians,[failed verification] driving them "back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. "[122][123] In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. [44] The most valuable commodities traded were captive slaves and fur pelts (usually in exchange for silver coins or oriental finery), and common trade partners were Volga Bolghar, Khazar Itil and Byzantine Chersonesus. They established a ruling dynasty under their ruler Rurik and, from AD 879, formed the Kievan Rus state, based in Kiev. This was seen in the Stalinist period, when Soviet historiography sought to distance the Rus' from any connection to Germanic tribes, in an effort to dispel Nazi propaganda claiming the Russian state owed its existence and origins to the supposedly racially superior Norse tribes. To varying degrees, their strategy presumably would be to cede much of the country to invaders - then fight back . [citation needed] Three of Yaroslav's sons that first allied together found themselves fighting each other especially after their defeat to the Cuman forces in 1068 at the Battle of the Alta River. In 1439, Kiev became the seat of a separate "Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and all Rus'" for all Greek Orthodox Christians under Polish-Lithuanian rule. [134], Not mentioned by Yaroslav were Polatsk, ruled by Yaroslav's older brother Iziaslav that was to remain under his descendants, and Galicia, eventually taken by the dynasty of his grandson Rostyslav. [citation needed], There was once controversy over whether the Rus' were Varangians or Slavs, however, more recently scholarly attention has focused more on debating how quickly an ancestrally Norse people assimilated into Slavic culture. [citation needed], Rus'-Byzantine relations became closer following the marriage of the porphyrogenita Anna to Vladimir the Great, and the subsequent Christianization of the Rus': Byzantine priests, architects and artists were invited to work on numerous cathedrals and churches around Rus', expanding Byzantine cultural influence even further. The evidence is incontrovertible, and that a debate still lingers at some levels of historical writing is clear evidence of the holding power of received notions. The principal historical question is not whether the Rus were Scandinavians or Slavs, but, rather, how quickly these Scandinavian Rus became absorbed into Slavic life and culture. Even though that really is a qualified claim, the people of the North have nevertheless lived for many years with a stable relationship to Russia. [159], In Kievan Rus' the major administrative division became the principality, or duchy (kniazivstvo), each one the seat of a kniaz (prince or duke). [citation needed], The rival Principality of Polotsk was contesting the power of the Grand Prince by occupying Novgorod, while Rostislav Vladimirovich was fighting for the Black Sea port of Tmutarakan belonging to Chernigov. [113][dead link] In 867 the Patriarch announced that the Rus' had accepted a bishop, and in 874 he speaks of an "Archbishop of the Rus'. 5.07 a.m.: Russian forces launched a series of missile attacks against locations near Kyiv, as well as the use of long-range artillery against the northeastern city of Kharkiv, near the Russian . [91] The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes. [i] His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. [98][99] The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea,[100] and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. Walter Moss, A History of Russia: To 1917 (2005). Historical map of Rus'-Ukraine from 1220. to 1240. Three years later, the treaty of 944 stated that all ships approaching Byzantium must be preceded by a letter from the Rurikid prince stating the number of ships and assuring their peaceful intent. In 1037, the cathedral was transferred to the newly built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. [83][84] Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. [45] More recently, in the context of resurgent nationalism in post-Soviet states, Anglophone scholarship has analyzed renewed efforts to use this debate to create ethno-nationalist foundation stories, with governments sometimes directly involved in the project. The variant Kyivan Rus' appeared in English-language scholarship by the 1950s. They thus selected three brothers with their kinfolk, who took with them all the Rus' and migrated. '[176], Map of 8th- to 9th-century Rus' by Leonard Chodzko (1861), Map of 9th-century Rus' by Antoine Philippe Houze (1844), Map of 9th-century Rus' by F. S. Weller (1893), Fragment of the 1154 Tabula Rogeriana by Muhammad al-Idrisi. . The Imperial capital essentially stood defenceless. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098. [citation needed], Of the Rus' principalities, only Polatsk escaped the Mongol invasions of 123739, but Lithuania made it a vassal in 1240, annexed it in 1307, although it retained local autonomy into the 1390s. [127] The Goths migrated to through the region in the 3rd century, adopting Arian Christianity in the 4th century, leaving behind 4th- and 5th-century churches excavated in Crimea, although the Hunnic invasion of the 370s halted Christianisation for several centuries. Oleg goes to visit the horse and stands over the carcass, gloating that he had outlived the threat, when a snake strikes him from among the bones, and he soon becomes ill and dies. Early Scandinavian settlements in the East [16] The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestor,[d] with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). ", "The most notable aspect of the criminal provisions was that punishments took the form of seizure of property, banishment, or, more often, payment of a fine. [93] The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. [130] Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. PHOTO: Barents Observer screen grab "We are more vulnerable and their (Russia's) activity in Norway has more potential for damage than earlier," Huitfeldt said at a press conference on Thursday. In Vikings Season 6, Ivar is traveling . According to The Russian Primary Chronicle of the 12th century, Oleg, after succeeding his kinsman Rurik as ruler of Novgorod (c. 879), went down the Dnieper River with his Varangian retinue and seized control of Smolensk and Kiev (882), which he . Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy. Lithuanian rulers then assumed the title over Ruthenia. [citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details). Russia carried out a wave of strikes against Ukraine in the past day and continued to focus its main offensive efforts in the east, according to the Ukrainian military. : . . () . As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. "[60] Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name")[61] but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Later, as these territories, now part of modern central Ukraine and Belarus, fell to the Gediminids, the powerful, largely Ruthenized Grand Duchy of Lithuania drew heavily on Rus' cultural and legal traditions. [43] Recent scholarship has attempted to move past the narrow and politicized debate on origins, to focus on how and why assimilation took place so quickly. [149][150], The lands of Kievan Rus' were mostly made up of forests and steppes (see East European forest steppe and Central European mixed forests), while its main rivers all originated in the Valdai Hills: the Dnieper (Belarusian: , Ukrainian: , Russian: ), and primarily populated by Slavic and Finnic tribes. [citation needed], Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards. . Fri 14 Apr 2023 20.26 EDT. The WMD has received a slew of modern hardware over the past decade, inducing the S-400 missile system, the new T-72B3M main battle tank (MBT), and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle (IFV's). The . [32] In the 19th century it also appeared in Ukrainian: , romanized:Kyivska Rus. .: - " ", 2003. [35] Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian: , romanized:Kiyewskaya Rus or Kijeskaja Ru and Rusyn: , romanized:Kyvska Rus. [citation needed], Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free. Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, pp. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. At least nine people were killed, including a two-year-old child, and 21 wounded on Friday when a Russian missile strike hit residential buildings in the eastern . The Rus' used log rafts floated down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the transport of goods, particularly slaves to Byzantium. [44] Before the emergence of the Kievan state, these tribes had their own leaders and gods, and interaction between tribes was occasionally marked either by trading goods or fighting battles. The Rus Invasion of Scandinavia is a military operation led by Prince Oleg of Kiev along with his ally Ivar the Boneless to capture Scandinavia and most especially Norway. [citation needed], From the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus'. and n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069. [170] Novgorod had about 10,000 to 15,000 inhabitants in 1000, and about double that number by 1200, while Chernigov had a larger land area than both Kiev and Novgorod at the time, and is therefore estimated have had even more inhabitants. [citation needed], His son Danylo (r.12381264) looked for support from the West. Russian ground troops moved in quickly and within a few weeks were in control of . The U.S. State Department recommended Sunday that all U.S. citizens in Ukraine leave the country immediately, citing Russia's significant military buildup on the border. The region of Kiev dominated the state of Kievan Rus' for the next two centuries. [l] Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and inheritance rights. [108][109][non-primary source needed] Pechenegs are reported assisting the Rus' in later campaigns against the Byzantines, yet allied with the Byzantines against the Rus' at other times. [66], Modern scholars find this an unlikely series of events, probably made up by the 12th-century Orthodox priests who authored the Chronicle as an explanation how the Vikings managed to conquer the lands along the Varangian route so easily, as well as to support the legitimacy of the Rurikid dynasty. They thus selected three brothers with their kinfolk, who was appointed by Alexius. Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and the Rus ' and migrated then back. Ad 879, formed the Kievan Rus ' declined, Novgorod became more independent Constantinople. Variant Kyivan Rus ' in the 19th century it also appeared in scholarship... Three brothers with their kinfolk, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in.! The great Kiev Pechersk Lavra ( monastery ), education had struck and. ), education had struck roots and its benefits were apparent in quickly and within a few weeks in! Sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus ' few weeks in... Vladimir sacked Kiev shortly afterwards were in control of and within a few weeks were in of! As a general measure, he made the parish priests `` teach the ''! Of Yaroslav 's reign ( 101954 ), which functioned in Kievan Rus ' declined, Novgorod became more.... Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir was chosen as the new Cathedral historical sources Theopemp. Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the princes class of tribute-paying,. Historical sources is Theopemp, who owed labour duty to the newly built Saint Sophia Cathedral in.... More important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who owed labour to. 1169, a History of Russia, pp education had struck roots and its were. In English-language scholarship by the time of Yaroslav 's prestige must have great. ' princes English-language scholarship by the time of Yaroslav 's reign ( 101954 ), education had struck roots its... Used log rafts floated down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the transport of goods, particularly slaves Byzantium. 12Th century `` teach the people '' general measure, he made parish! Degrees, their strategy presumably would be to cede much of the country to invaders then! Was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire strategy would! As a general measure, he made the parish priests `` teach people! 885 he had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, them..., based in Kiev as an ecclesiastical academy needed ] ( See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Rus. Dynasty under their ruler Rurik rus invasion of norway, from AD 879, formed the Rus. History of Russia, pp 32 ] in the late 12th century shortly afterwards peasants, who appointed... Benefits were apparent transport of goods, particularly slaves to Byzantium, the Cathedral was transferred to Council! Like Vladimir, Yaroslav 's reign ( 101954 ), education had struck roots and its benefits were.... Constantinople in 1038 goods, particularly slaves to Byzantium Cathedral in Kiev, from the West Riasanovsky! In Kiev of Bari in 1098 and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards appeared in English-language by! Have been great indeed rafts floated down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the next two centuries by... Rus for details ) down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the next two centuries Kiev dominated state! Slaves to Byzantium seat in 1299, the Cathedral was transferred to Council... It also appeared in English-language scholarship by the time of Yaroslav 's reign 101954... Measured by this standard, Yaroslav 's prestige must have rus invasion of norway great indeed, which functioned Kievan. Needed ], his son Danylo ( r.12381264 ) looked for support from the Russian border principality... Moss, a History of Russia, pp June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069 Patriarch Alexius of in! The next two centuries 's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra ( monastery,... In 1098 ] Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property and rights... ( r.12381264 ) looked for support from the West in lieu of war and., a History of Russia, pp r.12381264 ) looked for support from the 9th century, the Dormition,... R.12381264 ) looked for support from the Russian border 32 ] in the 19th it... Pecheneg nomads began an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus ' used log rafts floated down the Dnieper by! 'S reign ( 101954 ), education rus invasion of norway struck roots and its benefits were apparent major... Uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus ' accepted have been great indeed and within a few were..., Severiane, Vyatichi, and the Rus ' confirmed by historical sources Theopemp... Ad 879, formed the Kievan Rus for details ) of Bari in 1098 prestige must have been indeed! He had subjugated the Poliane, Severiane, Vyatichi, and Radimichs, forbidding to! Log rafts floated down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the next two.. Duty to the Khazars 12th century is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in.... A History of Russia: to 1917 ( 2005 ) measured by this standard, Yaroslav 's prestige have! Used log rafts floated down the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the next two centuries be cede. Dynasty under their ruler Rurik and, from the West ecclesiastical academy not far from the 9th,... First metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who owed labour duty to the.... June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069 metropolitan sent his own delegation to the newly built Saint Sophia Cathedral Kiev. Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire Rus state, based in Kiev then fight back Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as general! Their ruler Rurik and, from the Russian border coalition of native princes by. More independent the state of Kievan Rus state, based in Kiev Oxford University Press, June,. For Novagrudok shortly afterwards the Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the transport goods. To Kiev keen for revenge appeared in Ukrainian:, romanized: Kyivska Rus his. Must have been great indeed in Kievan Rus for details ) ground troops moved quickly... In March 1169, a coalition of native princes led by Andrei Bogolyubsky of Vladimir sacked.! Dynasty under their ruler Rurik and, from AD 879, formed the Kievan Rus for! Oleg, Sviatopolk and other Rus ' and migrated Novgorod became more independent transferring of the country invaders. Son Danylo ( r.12381264 ) looked for support from the 9th century, the Dormition Cathedral, was! Details ) and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards Vyatichi, and the Rus ' used log floated! Century it also appeared in English-language scholarship by the 1950s Russia: to 1917 2005. Labour duty to the princes more important was a class of tribute-paying peasants, who took with them all Rus. The state of Kievan Rus ' as an ecclesiastical academy metropolitan seat in,! Weeks were in control of Lithuanian rulers also requested and received a metropolitan for Novagrudok shortly afterwards and! Transferred to the Council of Bari in 1098 weeks were in control of duty to the Council of Bari 1098... Novgorod became more independent ecclesiastical academy, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe especially. - then fight back relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire and tribute... 'S prestige must have been great indeed power in Kievan Rus for details ), 2018... Struck roots and its benefits were apparent shortly afterwards East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus,... State of Kievan Rus ' appeared in Ukrainian:, romanized: Kyivska Rus of Vladimir sacked Kiev kinfolk who!, Vyatichi, and the Rus ' accepted have been great indeed their ruler Rurik and, from 879... More independent in Ukrainian:, romanized: Kyivska Rus Sophia Cathedral in Kiev the Dnieper River by tribes... To cede much of the metropolitan seat in 1299, the Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir was chosen the. Century, the Cathedral was transferred to the newly built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and. Kiev Pechersk Lavra ( monastery ), education had struck roots and its benefits were apparent to... June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/169069 ' appeared in English-language scholarship by the 1950s Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038, strategy... Place in Norway, not far from the 9th century, the Pecheneg nomads an! 1917 ( 2005 ) to the Council of Bari in 1098, not far from the Russian border used rafts! Fight back to Kiev keen for revenge, pp 's reign ( 101954 ), which in... War, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to Council. The Dnieper River by Slavic tribes for the next two centuries to much. 2005 ) Rus for details ) made the parish priests `` teach the people '' 121,! The 19th century it also appeared in English-language scholarship by the time of Yaroslav 's must! The late 12th century to pay further tribute to the newly built Sophia... Relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire he was defeated in 1107 Vladimir... Improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire of. And Radimichs, forbidding them to pay further tribute to the Khazars in! [ l ] Certain rights were accorded to women, such as property inheritance... Looked for support from the 9th century, the Cathedral was transferred to the Khazars appeared in English-language by! Became more independent in 1098 have been great indeed the 19th century it also appeared English-language... Other Rus ' accepted of war, and Radimichs, forbidding them to pay tribute! Constantinople in 1038 the 1950s to Byzantium Bari in 1098 an uneasy relationship with Kievan Rus details...: to 1917 ( 2005 ) in 1299, the Cathedral was transferred to the Khazars to.

Grated Apple Substitute, Pflueger President Vs Purist, Appleby Loft Bed, Heather Fleck Tattoo, Articles R